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add filter algorithms
2016-04-17 06:28:33 +00:00
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/" xml:lang="en-GB">
<head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/dcq-html/">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>BBC News - Submarine escape: A WWII survival tale from Kefalonia</title>
<meta name="Description" content="Historian Tim Clayton tells the story of submariner, John Capes, which became one of the most controversial survival stories of World War II."/>
<meta name="OriginalPublicationDate" content="2011/12/02 00:03:39"/>
<meta name="UKFS_URL" content="/news/magazine-15959067"/>
<meta name="THUMBNAIL_URL" content="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57047000/jpg/_57047875_john_capes_464rnsm.jpg"/>
<meta name="Headline" content="Escape from a WWII submarine"/>
<meta name="IFS_URL" content="/news/magazine-15959067"/>
<meta name="Section" content="Magazine"/>
<meta name="contentFlavor" content="STORY"/>
<meta name="CPS_ID" content="15959067" />
<meta name="CPS_SITE_NAME" content="BBC News" />
<meta name="CPS_SECTION_PATH" content="Magazine" />
<meta name="CPS_ASSET_TYPE" content="STY" />
<meta name="CPS_PLATFORM" content="HighWeb" />
<meta name="CPS_AUDIENCE" content="International" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Escape from a WWII submarine"/>
<meta property="og:type" content="article"/>
<meta property="og:url" content="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15959067"/>
<meta property="og:site_name" content="BBC News"/>
<meta property="og:image" content="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57071000/jpg/_57071538_perseus_thoctarides.jpg"/>
<meta name="bbcsearch_noindex" content="atom"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15959067" />
<!-- THIS FILE CONFIGURES NEWS V6 -->
<!-- hi/news/head_first.inc -->
<!-- PULSE_ENABLED:yes -->
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=8" /> <link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <link rel="index" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/a-z/" title="A to Z" /> <link rel="help" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/help/" title="BBC Help" /> <link rel="copyright" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/terms/" title="Terms of Use" /> <link rel="icon" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width = 996" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/1.13.3/desktop/3/style/main.css" /> <script type="text/javascript"> if (! window.gloader) { window.gloader = [ "glow", {map: "http://node1.bbcimg.co.uk/glow/glow/map.1.7.7.js"}]; } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://node1.bbcimg.co.uk/glow/gloader.0.1.6.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/requirejs/0.10.1/sharedmodules/require.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> bbcRequireMap = {"jquery-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.1.8/sharedmodules/jquery-1.6.2", "jquery-1.4":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.1.8/sharedmodules/jquery-1.4", "swfobject-2":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/swfobject/0.1.3/sharedmodules/swfobject-2", "demi-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/demi/0.8.0/sharedmodules/demi-1", "gelui-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/gelui/0.9.3/sharedmodules/gelui-1", "cssp!gelui-1/overlay":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/gelui/0.9.3/sharedmodules/gelui-1/overlay.css", "istats-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/nedstat/0.5.0/sharedmodules/istats-1", "relay-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/relay/0.0.13/sharedmodules/relay-1", "clock-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.5/sharedmodules/clock-1", "canvas-clock-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.5/sharedmodules/canvas-clock-1", "cssp!clock-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/clock/0.1.5/sharedmodules/clock-1.css", "jssignals-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/jssignals/0.3.2/modules/jssignals-1", "jcarousel-1":"http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/jcarousel/0.1.6/modules/jcarousel-1"}; require({ baseUrl: 'http://static.bbc.co.uk/', paths: bbcRequireMap, waitSeconds: 30 }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/1.13.3/desktop/3/script/barlesque.js"></script>
<!--[if (IE 6)|(IE 7)|(IE 8)]> <style type="text/css"> .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast, body #blq-container.blq-gvl-3 .blq-foot-opaque { background: transparent; -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#B2000000,endColorstr=#B2000000)"; filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#B2000000,endColorstr=#B2000000); } .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast.blq-mast-light { -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#66000000,endColorstr=#66000000)"; filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#66000000,endColorstr=#66000000); } html body #blq-container #blq-nav {background: transparent;} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast #blq-search { padding: 5px 4px 4px 7px; } .blq-gvl-3 #blq-nav-main a { background-position: right 12px; } .blq-gvl-3 #blq-nav-main { background-position: 97% 18px; } .blq-morepanel-shown #blq-nav-m a { background-position: 83% -17px} </style> <![endif]--> <!--[if IE 6]> <style type="text/css"> .blq-clearfix {height:1%;} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast-home .blq-home {display:none;} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-autosuggest { margin-left:-7px; padding-bottom:8px} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-nav-main { background-position: 96% 17px; } .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast-home img {visibility: hidden;} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast-home a {filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(enabled=true, sizingMethod='crop', src='http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/1.13.3/desktop/3/img/blocks/light.png');} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast-home a {cursor:pointer} .blq-gvl-3 #blq-mast-home span.blq-home {height:32px; width:107px;} .blq-footer-image-light, .blq-footer-image-dark {width: 68px;height: 21px;display: block;} .blq-footer-image-dark img, .blq-footer-image-light img { visibility: hidden; } .blq-footer-image-light {filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(enabled=true, sizingMethod='scale', src='http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/1.13.3/desktop/3/img/blocks/light.png');} .blq-footer-image-dark {filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(enabled=true, sizingMethod='scale', src='http://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/barlesque/1.13.3/desktop/3/img/blocks/dark.png');} </style> <script type="text/javascript"> try { document.execCommand("BackgroundImageCache",false,true); } catch(e) {} </script> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 6]> <style> html body #blq-container #blq-foot { background: #4c4c4c; } html body #blq-container #blq-foot a, html body #blq-container #blq-foot p, html body #blq-container #blq-foot li { color: white; } </style> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> blq.setEnvironment('live'); if (blq.setLabel) blq.setLabel('searchSuggestion', "Search"); </script> <!-- BBCDOTCOM ipIsAdvertiseCombined: true journalismVariant: true adsEnabled: false flagpole: not set -->
<script type="text/javascript">
if(typeof(bbcdotcom) == "undefined") bbcdotcom = {};
</script>
<!-- shared/head -->
<meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" />
<!--[if !(lt IE 6)]>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/type.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/global.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/print.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen and (max-device-width: 976px)" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/mobile.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/components/components.css" />
<![endif]-->
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/type.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/global.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/print.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen and (max-device-width: 976px)" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/mobile.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/components/components.css" />
<!--<![endif]-->
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<![CDATA[*/
gloader.load(["glow","1","glow.dom"],{onLoad:function(glow){glow.dom.get("html").addClass("blq-js")}});
gloader.load(["glow","1","glow.dom"],{onLoad:function(glow){glow.ready(function(){if (glow.env.gecko){var gv = glow.env.version.split(".");for (var i=gv.length;i<4;i++){gv[i]=0;}if((gv[0]==1 && gv[1]==9 && gv[2]==0)||(gv[0]==1 && gv[1]<9)||(gv[0]<1)){glow.dom.get("body").addClass("firefox-older-than-3-5");}}});}});
window.disableFacebookSDK=true;
if (window.location.pathname.indexOf('+')>=0){window.disableFacebookSDK=true;}
/*]]>*/
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/locationservices/locator/v4_0/locator.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/core/3_3_1/bbc_fmtj.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
bbc.fmtj.page = {
serverTime: 1322844032000,
editionToServe: 'international',
queryString: null,
referrer: 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/',
section: 'magazine',
sectionPath: '/Magazine',
siteName: 'BBC News',
siteToServe: 'news',
siteVersion: 'cream',
storyId: '15959067',
assetType: 'story',
uri: '/news/magazine-15959067',
country: 'br',
masthead: false,
adKeyword: null,
templateVersion: 'v1_0'
}
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/common/3_2_1/bbc_fmtj_common.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">$useMap({map:"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/map/map_0_0_29.js"});</script>
<script type="text/javascript">$loadView("0.0",["bbc.fmtj.view"]);</script>
<script type="text/javascript">$render("livestats-heatmap");</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/config/apps/4_7_1/bbc_fmtj_config.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
require(['jquery-1'], function($){
// set up EMP once it's loaded
var setUp = function(){
// use our own pop out page
embeddedMedia.setPopoutUrl('/player/emp/2_0_23/popout/pop.stm');
// store EMP's notifyParent function
var oldNotifyParent = embeddedMedia.console.notifyParent;
// use our own to add livestats to popout
embeddedMedia.console.notifyParent = function(childWin){
oldNotifyParent(childWin);
// create new live stats url
var liveStatsUrl = bbc.fmtj.av.emp.liveStatsForPopout($('#livestats').attr('src'));
var webBug = $('<img />', {
id: 'livestats',
src: liveStatsUrl
});
// append it to popout
$(childWin.document).find('body').append(webBug);
}
}
// check if console is available to manipulate
if(window.embeddedMedia && window.embeddedMedia.console){
setUp();
}
// otherwise emp is still loading, so add event listener
else{
$(document).bind('empReady', function(){
setUp();
});
}
});
//]]>
</script>
<!-- Top level sections -->
<!-- get BUMP from cdn -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/bump?emp=worldwide&amp;enableClear=0"></script>
<!-- load glow and required modules -->
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
gloader.load(['glow', '1', 'glow.dom']);
//]]>
</script>
<!-- pull in our emp code -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/app/av/emp/2_0_23/emp.js"></script>
<!-- pull in compatibility.js -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/app/av/emp/2_0_23/compatibility.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
// set site specific config
bbc.fmtj.av.emp.configs.push('news');
// when page loaded, write all created emps
glow.ready(function(){
if(typeof bbcdotcom !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.av && bbcdotcom.av.emp){
bbcdotcom.av.emp.configureAll();
}
embeddedMedia.writeAll();
// mark the emps as loaded
bbc.fmtj.av.emp.loaded = true;
});
//]]>
</script>
<!-- Check for advertising testing -->
<meta name="viewport" content="width = 996" />
<!-- shared/head_story -->
<!-- THESE STYLESHEETS VARY ACCORDING TO PAGE CONTENT -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/layout/story.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/2_0_7/cream/hi/shared/story.css" />
<!-- js story view -->
<script type="text/javascript">$loadView("0.0",["bbc.fmtj.view.news.story"]);</script>
<!-- EMP -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbc.co.uk/js/app/av/emp/compatibility.js"></script>
<!-- /EMP -->
<!-- #CREAM hi news international head.inc -->
<!-- is suitable for ads adding isadvertise ... -->
<link href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/css/screen/shared/0.3.87/3pt_ads.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<![CDATA[*/
if(typeof BBC === 'undefined') var BBC = {};
BBC.adverts = {setZone: function(){}, configure: function(){}, write: function(){}, show: function(){}};
window.bbcdotcom={};
bbcdotcom.createObject = function(namespace){
var names = namespace.split('.'),
next = '',
i = 0,
len = names.length;
for(i; i < len; i++){
if('' !== next) {
next = ("object" === typeof next[names[i]]) ? next[names[i]] : next[names[i]] = {};
} else {
next = ("object" === typeof window[names[i]]) ? window[names[i]] : window[names[i]] = {};
}
}
}
/*]]>*/
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/app/bbccom/0.3.87/bbccom.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<![CDATA[*/
(function(){
var fiddleredition = '(none)';
var url = '/news/magazine-15959067';
switch('/news/magazine-15959067') {
case "/":
case "/default.stm":
url = (fiddleredition === "domestic") ? "/1/hi/default.stm" : "/2/hi/default.stm";
break;
case "/sport":
case "/sport/":
case "/sport/default.stm":
url = (fiddleredition === "domestic") ? "/sport1/hi/default.stm" : "/sport2/hi/default.stm";
break;
};
var zone = "3pt_zone_file",
zoneOverride = false;
if(/[?|&]zone=((?!preview)\w*\/*\w+)(&|$)/.test(window.location.search)) {
zone = RegExp.$1;
};
if(/[?|&]zone=(http:\/\/.+(\.bbc\.co\.uk\/){1}.*(bbccom){1}.*\.js)(&|$)/.test(window.location.search)) {
if (RegExp.$1.indexOf("/../") === -1) {
zone = RegExp.$1;
zoneOverride = true;
};
};
BBC.adverts.setScriptRoot("http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/app/bbccom/0.3.87/");
BBC.adverts.init({
domain: "www.bbc.co.uk",
location: url,
zoneVersion: zone,
zoneOverride: zoneOverride,
zoneReferrer: document.referrer
});
})();
if(BBC.adverts.getNewsGvl3()) {
document.write('<script language="JavaScript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/app/bbccom/0.3.87/advert.js"><\/script>');
}
/*]]>*/
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
if(BBC.adverts){
BBC.adverts.setPageVersion('(none)');
}
</script>
<!-- hi/news/head_last.inc -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/view/1_4_29/cream/hi/news/skin.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
gloader.load(["glow","1","glow.dom"],{onLoad: function(glow){
glow.ready(function(){
var adImageUrl = BBC.adverts.getAdvertTag('printableversionsponsorship','','standardUri');
if (glow.env.ie ) {
window.onbeforeprint = function(){
var printAdvert = glow.dom.get("#print-advert");
if (printAdvert.get("img").length == 0)
{
printAdvert.append('<img src="'+adImageUrl+'" alt="" />');
}
};
}else{
glow.dom.get("head").append('<style type="text/css">#print-advert {display:none};</style><style type="text/css" media="print">#print-advert::after{content:url('+adImageUrl+');} #print-advert{display:block;overflow:hidden;}</style>');
}
});
}});
</script>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/img/1_0_1/cream/hi/news/iphone.png"/>
<script type="text/javascript">
blq.setLabel('searchSuggestion', 'Search BBC News');
blq.externalGoTrackingConfig = {
".story-body a":"{path}/ext/story-body/{dir}",
".story-related .related-links a":"{path}/ext/related-links/{dir}",
".story-related .newstracker-list a":"{path}/ext/newstracker/{dir}"
}
</script>
<!-- MVT ENABLED:yes -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/js/mvt/optimost/1_0_0/global_head.js"></script>
</head>
<!--[if lte IE 6]><body class="news ie"><![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 7]><body class="news ie7"><![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]><body class="news ie8"><![endif]-->
<!--[if !IE]>--><body class="news"><!--<![endif]-->
<div class="livestats-web-bug"><img alt="" id="livestats" src="http://stats.bbc.co.uk/o.gif?~RS~s~RS~News~RS~t~RS~HighWeb_Story~RS~i~RS~15959067~RS~p~RS~99189~RS~a~RS~International~RS~u~RS~/news/magazine-15959067~RS~r~RS~http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/~RS~q~RS~~RS~z~RS~32~RS~"/></div>
<!-- NEDSTAT -->
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
window.bbcFlagpoles_istats = "ON";
window.istatsTrackingUrl = '//sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=news.magazine.story.15959067.page&cps_asset_id=15959067&page_type=story&section=magazine&app_version=6.2.65-RC3&first_pub=2011-12-02T00:03:39+00:00&last_editorial_update=2011-12-02T00:03:39+00:00&title=Escape+from+a+WWII+submarine&comments_box=false&cps_media_type=&cps_media_state=&app_type=web&ml_name=SSI&ml_version=0.5.0&language=en-GB';
// ]]>
</script>
<!-- NEDSTAT -->
<!-- Begin iStats 20100118 (UX-CMC 1.1009.3) -->
<script type="text/javascript">
// <![CDATA[
(function() {
var cookieDisabled = (document.cookie.indexOf('NO-SA=') != -1),
hasCookieLabels = (document.cookie.indexOf('sa_labels=') != -1),
hasClickThrough = /^#sa-(.*?)(?:-sa(.*))?$/.test(document.location.hash),
runSitestat;
runSitestat = !cookieDisabled && !hasCookieLabels && !hasClickThrough;
if (runSitestat && bbcFlagpoles_istats === 'ON') {
sitestat(istatsTrackingUrl);
}
function sitestat(n){var j=document,f=j.location,b="";if(j.cookie.indexOf("st_ux=")!=-1){var k=j.cookie.split(";");var e="st_ux",h=document.domain,a="/";if(typeof ns_!="undefined"&&typeof ns_.ux!="undefined"){e=ns_.ux.cName||e;h=ns_.ux.cDomain||h;a=ns_.ux.cPath||a}for(var g=0,f=k.length;g<f;g++){var m=k[g].indexOf("st_ux=");if(m!=-1){b="&"+unescape(k[g].substring(m+6))}}document.cookie=e+"=; expires="+new Date(new Date().getTime()-60).toGMTString()+"; path="+a+"; domain="+h}ns_pixelUrl=n;n=ns_pixelUrl+"&ns__t="+(new Date().getTime())+"&ns_c="+((j.characterSet)?j.characterSet:j.defaultCharset)+"&ns_ti="+escape(j.title)+b+"&ns_jspageurl="+escape(f&&f.href?f.href:j.URL)+"&ns_referrer="+escape(j.referrer);if(n.length>2000&&n.lastIndexOf("&")){n=n.substring(0,n.lastIndexOf("&")+1)+"ns_cut="+n.substring(n.lastIndexOf("&")+1,n.lastIndexOf("=")).substring(0,40)}(j.images)?new Image().src=n:j.write('<p><i'+'mg src="'+n+'" height="1" width="1" alt="" /></p>')};
})();
// ]]>
</script>
<noscript><p class="blq-hide"><img src="//sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s?name=news.magazine.story.15959067.page&amp;cps_asset_id=15959067&amp;page_type=story&amp;section=magazine&amp;app_version=6.2.65-RC3&amp;first_pub=2011-12-02T00:03:39+00:00&amp;last_editorial_update=2011-12-02T00:03:39+00:00&amp;title=Escape+from+a+WWII+submarine&amp;comments_box=false&amp;cps_media_type=&amp;cps_media_state=&amp;app_type=web&amp;ml_name=SSI&amp;ml_version=0.5.0&amp;language=en-GB" height="1" width="1" alt="" /></p></noscript>
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<span class="date">2 December 2011</span>
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<h1 class="story-header">Submarine escape: A WWII survival tale from Kefalonia</h1>
<span class="byline">
<span class="byline-name">By Tim Clayton</span>
<span class="byline-title">Military historian</span>
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<div class="caption body-width">
<img src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57027000/jpg/_57027794_perseus_getty.jpg" width="464" height="261" alt="Launch of HMS Perseus in May 1929" />
<span style="width:464px;">HMS Perseus was launched in May 1929</span>
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</div> <p class="introduction" id="story_continues_1">Seventy years ago, off the Greek island of Kefalonia, the British submarine HMS Perseus hit an Italian mine, sparking one of the greatest and most controversial survival stories of World War II.</p>
<p>The clear waters of the Mediterranean were a death trap for British submarines in World War II.</p>
<p>Some were bombed from the air, others hunted with sonar and depth charges, and many, perhaps most, collided with mines.</p>
<p>Two fifths of the subs that ventured into the Mediterranean were sunk and when a submarine sank it became a communal coffin - everyone on board died. That was the rule. </p>
<p>In fact, during the whole of the war there were only four escapes from stricken British submarines. And the most remarkable of these took place on 6 December 1941, when HMS Perseus plummeted to the seabed. </p>
<span class="cross-head">Enigma</span>
<p>When she left the British submarine base at Malta at the end of November 1941, HMS Perseus had on board her 59 crew and two passengers, one of whom was John Capes, a 31-year-old Navy stoker en route to Alexandria. </p>
<div class="caption">
<img src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57027000/jpg/_57027786_john_capes229_rnsm.jpg" width="224" height="299" alt="John Capes" />
<span style="width:224px;">John Capes: Stoker on the Perseus</span>
</div>
<p>Tall, dark, handsome and a bit of an enigma, Capes had been educated at Dulwich College, and as the son of a diplomat he would naturally have been officer class rather than one of the lowliest of the mechanics who looked after the engines. </p>
<p>On the rough winter night of 6 December, Perseus was on the surface of the sea 3km (two miles) off the coast of Kefalonia, recharging her batteries under cover of darkness in preparation for another day underwater. </p>
<p>According to newspaper articles Capes later wrote or contributed to, he was relaxing in a makeshift bunk converted from a spare torpedo tube when, with no warning, there was a devastating explosion. </p>
<p>The boat twisted, plunged, and hit the bottom with what Capes described as a &quot;nerve-shattering jolt&quot;. </p>
<p>His bunk reared up and threw him across the compartment. The lights went out. </p>
<div class="story-feature wide ">
<a class="hidden" href="#story_continues_2">Continue reading the main story</a> <h2>Escape from the Deep</h2>
<!-- pullout-items-->
<!-- pullout-body-->
<ul>
<li> Louis de Bernieres returns to Kefalonia to tell the story of John Capes and HMS Perseus</li>
<li> Tim Clayton acted as a programme consultant</li>
<li> Broadcast on Friday 2 December 2011 at 1100 GMT on BBC Radio 4, or listen again on <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer" >iPlayer</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- pullout-links-->
</div> <p id="story_continues_2">Capes guessed they had hit a mine. Finding that he could stand, he groped for a torch. In the increasingly foul air and rising water of the engine room he found &quot;the mangled bodies of a dozen dead&quot;. </p>
<p>But that was as far as he could get. The engine room door was forced shut by the pressure of water on the other side. &quot;It was creaking under the great pressure. Jets and trickles from the rubber joint were seeping through,&quot; said Capes.</p>
<p>He dragged any stokers who showed signs of life towards the escape hatch and fitted them and himself with Davis Submarine Escape Apparatus, a rubber lung with an oxygen bottle, mouthpiece and goggles. </p>
<div class="story-feature wide ">
<a class="hidden" href="#story_continues_3">Continue reading the main story</a> <h2>British WWII submarine escapes</h2>
<!-- pullout-items-->
<div class="caption body-narrow-width">
<img src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57060000/gif/_57060487_sub_escapes304x416.gif" width="304" height="416" alt="Graphic showing the depth at which British WWII submariners escaped" />
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<!-- pullout-body-->
<ul>
<li> HMS Umpire sank near Norfolk, England on 19 July 1941. Escapees: 14-15</li>
<li> HMS Stratagem sank near Malacca, Malaysia on 22 November 1944. Escapees: 10</li>
<li> HMS Perseus sank near Kefalonia, Greece on 6 December 1941. Escapees: 1 </li>
<li> HMS P32 sank near Tripoli, Libya on 18 August 1941 (but the wreck was discovered only in 1999). Escapees: 2</li>
</ul>
<!-- pullout-links-->
</div> <p id="story_continues_3">This equipment had only been tested to a depth of 100ft (30m). The depth gauge showed just over 270ft, and as far as Capes knew, no-one had ever made an escape from such a depth. </p>
<p>In fact the gauge was broken, over-estimating the depth by 100ft, but time was running out. It was difficult to breathe now. </p>
<p>He flooded the compartment, lowered the canvas trunk beneath the escape hatch and with great difficulty released the damaged bolts on the hatch. </p>
<p>He pushed his injured companions into the trunk, up through the hatch and away into the cold sea above. Then he took a last swig of rum from his blitz bottle, ducked under and passed through the hatch himself. </p>
<p>&quot;I let go, and the buoyant oxygen lifted me quickly upward. Suddenly I was alone in the middle of the great ocean. </p>
<p>&quot;The pain became frantic, my lungs and whole body as fit to burst apart. Agony made me dizzy. How long can I last? </p>
<p>&quot;Then, with the suddenness of certainty, I burst to the surface and wallowed in a slight swell with whitecaps here and there.&quot;</p>
<p>But having made the deepest escape yet recorded, his ordeal was not over. </p>
<p>His fellow injured stokers had not made it to the surface with him so he found himself alone in the middle of a cold December sea. </p>
<p>In the darkness he spotted a band of white cliffs and realised he had no choice but to strike out for those. </p>
<span class="cross-head">Story doubted</span>
<p>The next morning, Capes was found unconscious by two fishermen on the shore of Kefalonia. </p>
<p>For the following 18 months he was passed from house to house, to evade the Italian occupiers. He lost 70lb (32kg) in weight and dyed his hair black in an effort to blend in. </p>
<p>He recalled later: &quot;Always, at the moment of despair, some utterly poor but friendly and patriotic islander would risk the lives of all his family for my sake. </p>
<div class="caption body-narrow-width">
<img src="http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/57055000/jpg/_57055063_perseus_thoctarides.jpg" width="304" height="171" alt="Kostas Thoctarides swimming next to the wreck of HMS Perseus" />
<span style="width:304px;">Kostas Thoctarides and his dive team found the wreck of HMS Perseus in 1997</span>
</div>
<p>&quot;They even gave me one of their prize possessions, a donkey called Mareeka. There was one condition attached to her - I had to take a solemn vow not to eat her.&quot; </p>
<p>He was finally taken off the island on a fishing boat in May 1943, in a clandestine operation organised by the Royal Navy. </p>
<p>A dangerous, roundabout journey of 640km took him to Turkey and from there back to the submarine service in Alexandria. </p>
<p>Despite being awarded a medal for his escape, Capes&#039;s story was so extraordinary that many people, both within and outside the Navy, doubted it.</p>
<p>Was he really on the boat at all? After all, he was not on the crew list. And submarine commanders had been ordered to bolt escape hatches shut from the outside to prevent them lifting during depth charge attacks. </p>
<p>There were no witnesses, he had a reputation as a great storyteller, and his own written accounts after the war varied in their details. </p>
<p>And the depth gauge reading 270ft made his story all the harder to believe.</p>
<p>John Capes died in 1985 but it was not until 1997 that his story was finally verified. </p>
<p>In a series of dives to the wreck of Perseus, Kostas Thoctarides discovered Capes&#039;s empty torpedo tube bunk, the hatch and compartment exactly as he had described it, and finally, his blitz bottle from which he had taken that last fortifying swig of rum. </p>
<p><em>Tim Clayton is the author of Sea Wolves: the Extraordinary Story of Britain&#039;s WW2 Submarines. </em></p>
<p class="transmission-info">BBC Radio 4&#039;s <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b017mx3x" >Escape from the Deep</a> is broadcast on Friday 2 December 2011 at 1100 GMT. Or listen again on BBC <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/" >iPlayer</a>.</p>
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<a
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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